harris



4 Sheets-Sheet 1.

Patented new, 1891.

R. L. HARRIS. FOUNDATION 0R INGLOSURB POR BUILDINGS. No. 464,771,

(No Model.)

(N Model.)

4Sheets-Sheet 2. R. L. HARRIS. FOUNDATION 0R INGLOSURE FOR BUILDINGS.

yIaA-:Rnted Dec. 8, 1891.

(No Model.) l

. R.. L. HARRIS. FOUNDATION on INcLosUIII: PQR BUILDINGS.

No. 464.771. Patented Deo. 8,`1891.

4 Sheets-Sheet 3.

Ill

lil 4 Sheets-Sheet 4.

M (No Modal.)

R. L. HARRIS.

FUUNDATIQN on INcLosUR'B Pon. BUILDINGS.

Patented Deo. 8, 1891.

Nov

` To aZZ whom' it* may concern: l'

NITD STATES-PATENT 'E-OFEICE- no1-:ERT L'. uni-rais, or NEW4 YORK,

4 rouNoArioN'oR `Inches-uma Foa BUILDINGS.:

sr'ncrrrcarxon forming artV or Leners Patent No. 464,771, anni member l l I r`/Applicatien iledHay l| 1891. .Serial No. 898,966.4 (No modal l .I e it known that L'RoBER'r L. l-IAnRIs, a citizen of the United States, residing in the city and State of New York, have invented an Improvmeut in Iioundations or Inclos-l ures for Buildings and othen Structures, of which the v,following isa specitication.

In Letters Patent No. 435,142, grantedto meAugust 26, 1890, l have described the manner in which cement can be introduced lor forced between the loose materials under or forming part of foundations or structures.

. My present invention is a-modification of and improvement upon the same, especially forlsolidifying fine `or easilymoving materia s.v Y

.It is well known that quicksands are often very compact and apparently solid' until `slightly disturbed, when they become semifiuid,'and great ditiicuity has been experieneed'inA constructing foundations in and building sewers through quicksands and in excavating at the proper depth for placing foundations, water-pipes, sewers, and structures of ,variouskinda because the water passing into theexcavations loosens up thesand,

and the sandis not only .carried with the water, but the lmass by agitation becomes loosened or so alive as to greatlyimpede,if

'not entirely obstruct and preclude, the construction of the work through such quicksand. Sand under many conditions makes an excellent .foundation when confined. Quicksands when disturbed move freely in any dlrection, and thus become alive under water, even if apparently compact when quiescent.

' My present invention is especially intended for use in quicksands; but it is also available inthe preparatorywork for the construction of foundations, tunnels, shafts, &c., in sand or other loose material, especially where such materials are beneath the water-level. When a pipeis .'nserted through such materials down to a' esired depth and water or other iiuid is'forced through the saine, the sand or other materials will be loosened by the agit-ating action of the moving fluid, and I have l discovered thatit' a second pipe isintrodnced through the materials to the same'or nearly the same depth a circulation can be obtained to a greater or less extent of the fluid intro-4 duced through the first pipe under pressure l and passing through the sand or other loose material toward. the 'second pipe, and so on up the second pipe, and in this manner an underground current can be produced that i spreads horizontally through the sand to one or more exit-pipes, so that after the materials have been moreror less agitated by the current et' water or fluid'passing from one pipe.

to the other v cementing material in a'suiciently fluid condition can be passed-through one pipe and will follow, generally, the looser material tothe other pipe, and'in this manner a layer of cement er of the cemented materials can be placed withmore orless regularity at the desired depth; or bydrawing the pipes successively in a vertical direction and success- -ively repeating the operation. a vertical or nearly-vertical slab of greater or less uniformity can be produced by the cementingmaterial introduced through the mass of sandorother l materials while they occupy their nearlynatural or ordinary position, so that by consolidating or cementing the materials in such position as to inelose a mass whose removal is intended the excavations can 'be proceeded with and the water will be sniciently shut oi to prevent the Wash utY the sand or other material pipes, &c., it is often advantageous to make use of sheet-piling or confer-dam work previous to excavating in the quicksand or similar material, and I place a floor of cemented material between the sheet-'piling to prevent. the water or quicksand from rising inthe excavation from the betteln, which is usually oneV great source ot ditiiculty.

- -lin the drawings, Figure 1 is a diagrammatic plan view` illustrating the position in which pipes may be introduced, for the aforesaid objects. Fig. Sis-a diagrammatic vertical section of similar pipes, both being shown in connection.with'sh'eet-piling; and Fig. 3 is a vdiagrammatic cross-section, and Fig. 4 a diagrammatic longitudinal section, representing the improvements asapplied in connection with a fioor 'and caisson or wall. Figs. 5'and 6 are sections,inlarger size,of the pipesthat may be employed. Figs-'7, 8, and 9 are diagrammatic cross-sections illustratingthe positions in which the pipes and cement may be introduced in forming either a tunnel or a shaft, and Figs. 10 and l1 are longitudinal sections illustrative of some of the ways of using the present invention.

The pipes that. I make use of may be of any suitable size, according to the character of the material in which the foundation is to be made and the positions of such pipes. VI find it advantageous to -make use of pipes two or three inches in diameter, of suitable length to extend to the desired place, and these pipes may have .an .openl end and be driven or otherwise forced to place. Itis convenient to l'introduce a second pipe b within the larger low the larger pipe to be driven or forced to its place. well known.

This mannerof sinking pipes is 'Two or more of these pipes are to be introduced into the material at the'places where the cement is to bev directed, and they may be either vertical or horizontal or at an inclination. lhaye represented them in Figs. 2, 3, and 4 asi vertical.' For illustration,let the pipev 2 represent the one through-which water is forced and the pipe 3 be at a suitable distancefrom the pipe 2, so that when water or fluid is forced through'the pipe 2 it may permeate the quicksand orother material and commence to rise-in the pipel 3, and as the ytluid will spread around the pipe 2 in all d1"- reetions,and finally a portion of it will reach the pipe 3, the pressure i'n that direction is lessened and the flow will eventuallybedown the pipe 2 and, to ay considerable extent, up thepipe 3, and in sodoing the materials be- .tween the pipes 2 and 3 will be suiciently agitated or loosened, so that when cementing material is forced down the pipe 2 it may spread mostly through the channel that the water or iiuid`had traveled'until it reaches the pipe 3, which is thenpreferably stopped, andthe material will spread orbe forced into the adjacent materials. These pipes 2 and 3 maythen be drawn up a suitable distance and the 'operations repeated, which i's preferably after the first charge ofcement has suiciently set or hardened, and in this manner a slab of., cement or cemented materials will be formed of Aany suitable thickness andwith more or less regularity between the pipes 2 and. 3;

This operation may be promoted, it?` desired',.

by the introduction of the small water-pipe B through one Vof the larger pipes 2 or 3, having' a lateral jet-.opening or-ppe for the issuing of the water, whereby the jet can be directed toward the pipe 3, if desired,and in so doing the force of the jet will aid .in the establishing of the communication betweenthe pipes 2 and 3.

It is advantageous to 'use the pipes illusv l trated in Figs. 5 or 6. In these A represents the exterior or larger pipe, and B the' inner pipe, and it is preferable to have a valve ID or D near the lower end of the pipe B t'o close or open the bottom endof the pipe A.; In

Fig. 5 thisV valve- D is conical at its upper end,

' and the lower en d of the pipe A will be open when the valve D is kept below it and closed when such pipe Band valve are drawn up.

In Fig. 6 the valve D' is smaller than the pipe A and closes downwardly upon the, annularI seat at the lower end of the pipe A.

, In use, water may be passed down the' pipe..-

vB and loosen the sand and wash it up through the pipe A,'andv. this pipe A .can be driven down from time to time. When a desi-red 'depth is reached, the valve can be closed, and the water or fluid under pressure will spread laterally until it reaches an adjacent'pipe, as aforesaid. Sometimes anannular flap E may befconnected to the pipe B or val-ve to spread. by the upward pressure into a--neariy-horizontal position to lessenytheflow up around the outside of the pipe A and to direct the luld underpressure horizontally. This-dagbeiu'gx of flexible material, is folded togetherclosely and downwardly' ar'onnd the pipe D and pushed through the pipe.- A- after the latter has been putinplace. and someof thesaud pumped out.

When suitable cement or 'cem'e-ntingina- `terial-smch as'hydraulic cement or 'a proper quality ot.l clay mixed with water-is to be introduced, thepipB may firs'tbewitbdrawn; but generally 'it is preferable to .introduce such materials through this pipe B, and, to

hold thisfpipeB in4 place and to aid inpreventing'the cementing material. from rising .in the pipe A under the pressure to which it` In the construction oftiers'orcolumns of cement in-quick'sand or other loose material the water may be forced down one of the pipes'so as to spread in all directions, and in so doing loosen the quicksand or similarnla-v terial, and this maybe promoted, by an' alternate compression and suction ot' thetwatr.

such pipe or compression in one pipeandsuc- 4tion .in another, and if desired, the water may `be pumped or forced out of such pipe towash 'more or less of the sand or similar materialy A toward the pipe at the bottom end,so that the samemay be. withdrawn with the water, thereby'leaving a 'cavity in 'the quicksand or or'less extent maybe introduced, and by the pressure' caused to spread at the lower. endlof the pipe to whatever extent the. force may fsimilar material near the lower end-of the' pipe, into which cementiug material of a 'proper quality or mixed with sand to a' greater send it, and by drawing thlspipe 'upward successive additionsto the cemented structurecan 464,771- r i s n, I 4 A n v be bui-lt up from the lowest to the highest lev-v els, as desired. `I'n the constructionof h9ri' z ontal or nearly-horizontal iioors thesame operations are 'to be performed;

Letit be presumed that pipes 4, 5, 6, vand 7 are introduced to the desired depth,-and Water may be forced down the pipe 4-uudersuf ie'ient pressure to reach one 'or more of the -pipes 5, 6,7, and 8, and, by a jet directed llat.-

erally from the lower end of the water-pipe, the materials may be loosened more or less -in a horizontal direction,if desired, after which the cementing material introd ucedat the pipe 4 under proper pressure will spread'laterally audreach one or more of the pipes 5, 6,7, and 3, and either of the pipes can be closed by the valve at the lower end, or otherwise, if it bel' coines advantageous todo so in directingthe ,circulation or iiow of the Water or of the ce,- -menting material to the vdesired places, and

the -flooi' may be still further spread by the Washing action at one or more of the pipes 5 6 7 3, the water being direetedFho-rizontally to loosen up the materials and 'to Washy the same out to a greater or less extent,. either through the same pipe through which the water was first injected or throughl any one of the adjacent pipes'. Hen'eeby successive operations through pipes that are ap# plied at proper` distances apart the cementnearly so, to anindeinite extent, and will 'inake a floor to shut -o the inlet of water.

quicksand, vor other material before the excavations are made above' the fioor. This ohject may at' times be still further promoted by sheet-piling at 8 and9 orbycoffer-dam or` caisson work, and, if desired, the sheet-pilling may form a square or inclosure, there being sheet-piling at 10 and ll -attheends, and

' in this manner successive sections. can be inclosed for the construction of a sewer or other -Work between theheet-piling and above the cemented i'loor that is put down"previous to the excatration,l and this mode of procedure can be adopted in making foundations and `in layingwater-pipes,gas-pipes, or drains in streets or under buildings, especially through quicksand. A

In cases where tunneling is being performed the Water is preferably passed into an upper horizontal or inclined pipe, so that it will descend and pass back through a lower pipe,

thereby establishingfa channel between -the distant. ends of the pipes, in order that the i `cement may be introduced through one pipe,

and in passingdown toward the .other pipe the materialswill'be cemented together and then the pipes can be driven in further and the operations repeated until a cement Wall is constructed in thematerials as they lie in'l substantially their natural positions, anda similar proceeding can' be pursued in constructing a'iioor for a tunnel or in applying a cement in the materials vabove the-place where the tunnel vis to be excavated, thus aiding in keeping the materials in their proper fore described, and.l such walls iray extend ing material can be introduced horizontally or position during .the excavation for the tu nnelv l or other structure.

' The walls or inclosures iu the sand o rother 4materials maybe formed, as before described,

at any desired. depth and extend to the re-.

quired height, and suehwalls may b e Alsedalone or with the iioor or horizontal layer beabove orbelow the door, or both. l. The improvement may also be' used advantageously in the sinking of shafts through quicksandsor other tine materials by solidifying, in the manner'descr'ibed, a shell or inclosure within which' theshaft isfto be sunk, orby so solidifying a'mass sufticien'tly large to allow the excavationof the shaft through such mass. the same manner.

apparent that the pipes Tunnels may also be formed in Upon reference to Figs'. 7, 8, 'and 9 it will be rafer Water and for cement may form a circular range and beused as A.

`aforesaid.' f If the pipes are parallel, they may be forced along by hammers or hydraulic the section Fig. lO, and additions made'v to their lengths, so as to introduce the cement passes along aud-lv returns through the other set of pipes in establishing the distant chan- Y nels for introducing cement. In Figs. 7 and 8 the pipes L'are shown as receiving the downtake and the pipes U the uptake in opening up the channels, and then the .connectionsy can be reversed, so that the pipes L become the uptake and the pipes U the downtake.

in which the channels are openedV up, and

these channels may be more`fullyopened up by reversing the action, as aforesaid, and cement canbe introduced through the tubes L until it reaches the tubes U, such tubesU either being open or having a suction applied to them,after which cementing materials can be also introd ueed into the pipes U and caused to spread toward the other tubes and inter` mingle with the previously-introduced cement.

It is to be understood that these improvements are especially available where the quicksand or other material has to be exeavated; but where a structure is to be erected upon loose materials,this inode of prpcedure can beavailed of in making an inclosure, col.

umns, or-monolith in the quicksand or other'. j materialsto properly support the superstructure, and in instances wher-ea pier, building, or other structure is found to have an lnsecure foundation the foundation can be en tended enlarged 'into' the quieksand, rubble, gravel, or other loose material to any de' 90A jacks K from time to time, as illustrated in IIO `The linesvand arrows illustrate the directions y sired arca lor depth `by proceeding, as before l percolate downward, and the result of these set forth, until' the desired columns, floors, in-

closing walls, or monoliths are constructed in. the loose materials withoutremoving the pier,

building, or other structure, in this way preventing the further settling or giving way of the foundation under the structure.` The fluid that is introduced under pressure tends to spread at the bottom of the inlet-pipe and displace more or less earth or other material `iu the direction ot' the least resistance. 1f such fluid is injected too rapidlyor under too much pressure, it will tend tolift the 'sand or earth and escape to the su rface, there usually being the least resistance upwardly. It, however, the fluid is not injected too rapidly, the tendency of gravity is to cause such liquid to two forces is to spread the Huid nearly horizontally.` If now the duid or that 'which it displaees reaches one ofv the other pipes, the pressure is relieved and a route'of least re sistance established toward thatv other pipe. Hence when the uptake of that other pipe is closed and the pressure increases in the injected fluid the tendency will beto spread fartherin alldirections and especially'to rise .toward the surface, which usually is the dithrust to the place where the cement is to befirst applied, and then thrust or driven to a l farther or more distant point forthe neigt operation, and so on.

I- claim as my invention- 1. The method herein specified vof consolidating loose materials, consisting in introduc lng pipes at distances apart, passing water or iiuid into one or more of the pipes to loosen the material around the ends of the pipes and establish currents between one pipe and `the other, and then lling the interstices and channels with cementing materials introduced through one or more of the pipes, substantially as set forth.

Q -.The method herein specified of producing a floor orsimilar structure withinithe quieksa'nd'or other materials, consisting'-ill .introducing pipes at distances apart and to 1 desired level, loosening the materials betwcel the lower ends of the respective pipes am near the desired fioor-level by the action of luidiorced into one or more of the pipes tl establish a current from one pipe to anothei` and introducing cementing material througl such pipes, substantially as set forth.

3.--The method herein specified of formingy inclosures within sand or similar loose mate rials, consisting in passing,r water orf othe liuid through one or more pipes and througl such materials to establish currents. to th other pipes, and then introducing cementinA material', then moving such pipes for thei` ends to be in `different positions and repeat ing the operations by introducing water ti open up channels, and afterwardintroduc ing c ementing material,-substantiallyf as sel forth. y

4. 'lhemethod hereinspecied of iuclosing. l

qnicksand or similar material to be exea vated,` consistingr in driving downsheetpilin;

and introducing cetnenting materialinto th sand or similar loose .material through pipe passed downinto the sand and between-tn piling to form a floor near the lower ends o the piles and previous to the excavation o such quicksand or.loose material, therebl shutting otl the inlet at the bottom, substan tially as set forth.

5; The method herein specified of consoli datingA sand or similar material, consisting ii forcing twovor more pipesidolwn in such ma terial at a distance from'onelanother, forcing a fluid through one ofthepipes, and estab lishing an outward circulation to anothe pipe, and then forcing in a. cementing Frate rial, and then repeating the operation in othe pipes successively,substantially as set forth.

G. The method herein specified of estab lishing a circulation through sand or similai-- material, consisting in forcing three or mori 'pipes down into such material at suitable dis tane-es from each other, forcing a fluid d'owr; one of the pipes, establishing Van upward cit culation in Vone of the other pipes, and the! stopping ott such upward circulation to causl thejiuid under pressure to vpass toward thiv uptake offthe third'pipe,-substantially as` se forth.

Signed by me this 22d day of May, 1891.

` ROBERT L. HARRIS. t

Titnessesz i GEO. T. PINGKNEY, WILLIAM G. Morr. 

